Rip currents: how to spot them and how to escape

A rip current can carry even a strong swimmer away from the shore in seconds. The good news is that a calm, simple plan works: do not fight it, float, and get out sideways.

What a rip current is

• The US National Weather Service describes a rip current as like a shallow river or channel of water flowing out to sea, often through a gap in a sandbar.
• The RNLI says rips usually flow at 1 to 2 mph but can reach 4 to 5 mph, which is faster than an Olympic swimmer.
• The RNLI notes that rips are often found near river mouths, estuaries and structures such as piers and groynes, and are especially powerful in bigger surf.
• NOAA calls rip currents the number one safety threat at beaches.
• Gulf News (2018) quoted a diving manager saying rip tides rarely occur in Dubai but are sometimes found near islands in Abu Dhabi. Do not assume calm-looking water is current-free.

How to spot one

• NOAA lists these clues: a channel of churning, choppy water.
• An area where the water is a noticeably different colour.
• A line of foam, seaweed or debris moving steadily out to sea.
• A break in the pattern of incoming waves.
• The RNLI admits rips can be difficult to spot, which is why swimming between the lifeguards' flags matters so much.

If you are caught

• Do not swim straight back against the current. The RNLI says you will tire quickly.
• If you can stand, wade rather than swim (RNLI).
• If you have a board, stay with it. If not, Float to Live: lean back, keep calm and let the water hold you (RNLI).
• When you can, swim parallel to the shore until you are out of the pull, then head back to land at an angle (RNLI, NOAA).
• Raise your hand and shout for help. NOAA advises facing the shore, waving your arms and calling out.

Why floating works

• NOAA says the rip current will eventually fade. If you cannot swim out of it, float or tread water calmly.
• The US National Weather Service notes that rips weaken further out (around 50 to 100 yards), after which you can swim back towards the beach at an angle.
• Panic uses up energy and air. The RNLI says keeping calm helps maintain buoyancy.
• Floating buys time for a lifeguard to reach you.

If someone else is caught

• Do not go in after them. NOAA says not to try to rescue them yourself, and the US National Weather Service warns not to get caught in a rip trying to save someone else.
• Alert a lifeguard straight away. In the UK, the RNLI says call 999 or 112 and ask for the coastguard; in the UAE, call 999, or 996 for the coastguard.
• Throw them something that floats if you can (NOAA, US National Weather Service).
• Shout clear instructions: 'Float. Swim along the beach, not towards it.'